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The physical attractiveness stereotype is a term that psychologists use to refer to the tendency to assume that people who are physically attractive also possess other socially desirable personality traits. Stereotyping is the process by which we draw inferences about others based on knowledge of the categories to which they belong.〔Schacter, Daniel.L. (2012) Psychology (2nd ed.)〕 ==Overview== (Dion et al., 1972; Miller, 1970) Studies have found that Western people are more willing to listen to and believe people who are judged, by conventional standards, to be aesthetically attractive. In less-individualistic cultures, Beautiful people are assumed to have traits that those cultures value, such as concern for others, loyalty and integrity. (Dion et al., 1972）Regarding the perception of beauty in the East Wheeler and Kim (1997) found that university students in Korea saw beautiful people as more trustworthy and concerned for others.〔Wheeler, L., & Kim, Y. (1997). What is beautiful is culturally good: The physical attractiveness stereotype has different content in collectivist cultures. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', 23, 795-800.〕 But they did not share the North American university students' bias towards perceiving beautiful people as more self-assertive and dominant than less attractive people. This can be seen in myths and fairy tales as well as films throughout history. The 'goodies' are young and beautiful whereas the 'baddies' are ugly. Previous studies have found a recognition bias for information consistent with the physical attractiveness stereotype (Rohner, J.‐C., 2012). The stereotype acts as a self-fulfilling prophecy where the perception of attractive people as more valuable members of society leads to their receiving preferential treatment, positive feedback and tangible benefit. Studies have found that attractiveness does correlate positively with some traits such as personal income, social skills and self-confidence. This cognitive bias could be considered to be a specific kind of halo effect. Physical attractiveness can have a significant effect on how people are judged in terms of employment or social opportunities, friendship, sexual behavior, and marriage.〔Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "(Do Pretty People Earn More? )" www.CNN.com.〕 In many cases, humans attribute positive characteristics, such as intelligence and honesty, to attractive people without consciously realizing it.〔Dion, K., Berscheid, E., Walster, E. (1972). "What is beautiful is good." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24(3), 285-290.〕 Physically attractive individuals are regarded more positively and accurately in first impressions, however the physical attractiveness stereotype will have bias opinions and decisions when comparing people of different attractiveness levels.〔. N.p.. Web. 22 Mar 2013. A study done by Pfeifer noted a positive correlation between physical appearance and wages. More attractive people are, on average, more likely to be employed and have a higher wage than their normal counterpart. According to this study, the estimated effects of the interviewer rating, generally, have a larger impact on men than for on women, while self-ratings (of attractiveness) have a larger effect on women than on men. However, in this study, the rating from others (in this case, the interviewer) have a larger effect than self-rating. "The wage effects of attractiveness are nonlinear for men, which implies that wage punishment for unattractiveness is larger than wage premium for attractiveness, and linear for women." Studies show that teachers perceive attractive children as more intellectual, more engaged in school and more likely to succeed academically than unattractive children. This is because teachers have shown to have more positive interactions with attractive children.〔Byrnes, D. A. (1988). Overcoming student stereotypes about physical attractiveness. The Education Digest, 53(9), 32-32. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/218179497?accountid=14771〕 In addition other studies show that customers' perceptions of quality of service is boosted by physical attractiveness.〔Hsiang-Fei Luoh, Sheng-Hshiung Tsaur, ("Physical attractiveness stereotypes and service quality in customer-server encounters." ), "Service Industries Journal", 8, August 2009〕 In certain instances, physical attractiveness is distinct from sexual attraction; humans may regard the young as attractive for various reasons, for example, but without sexual attraction. Women, on average, tend to be attracted to men who are slightly taller and who have a relatively narrow waist and broad shoulders. Men, overall, tend to be attracted by women who are slightly shorter, have a youthful appearance and exhibit features such as a symmetrical face, full breasts, full lips, and a low waist-hip ratio.〔(Tall men 'top husband stakes'. BBC News. ) Retrieved 15 October 2009.〕〔(Daniel Nettle: Women’s height, reproductive success and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in modern humans. The Royal Society. ) Retrieved 15 October 2009.〕 Generally, physical attraction is dependent on three factors: universal perceptions common to all human cultures, cultural and social aspects, and individual subjective preferences. Despite universally held perceptions of beauty in both sexes, males tend to place significantly higher value on physical appearance in a partner than women do. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Physical attractiveness stereotype」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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